Assessment Article
Formative and Summative Assessment
-Formative assessment refers to measurements and conclusions that are made during the course of a learning program.
-Summative assessment refers to measurements made at the end of a learning unit or learning program. They result in final judgments about the achievement of learners and the effectiveness of learning activities.
Criterion-, Norm- and Self-Reference Interpretations
-Criterion-referenced assessments are intended to determine whether or not a learner has achieved an objectively set level of competence.
-Norm-referenced assessments are usually selected when learners are studying material for which there is no agreement on what a person must know.
-Self-referenced assessments are used when the learning goals are personal.
Self-Directed Learning
Self-directed learners are sophisticated learners who are often capable of postformal thought which is defined as thinking across theoretical systems, integrating feelings with thoughts, accepting contradiction in what is known, and addressing problems for which there are no single final solutions. They see educators as colleagues rather than as authorities and their preference is for self-referenced assessments and/or critiques from two or more peers at both the formative and summative levels.
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