Assessment Article
Formative and Summative Assessment
-Formative assessment refers to measurements and conclusions that are made during the course of a learning program.
-Summative assessment refers to measurements made at the end of a learning unit or learning program. They result in final judgments about the achievement of learners and the effectiveness of learning activities.
Criterion-, Norm- and Self-Reference Interpretations
-Criterion-referenced assessments are intended to determine whether or not a learner has achieved an objectively set level of competence.
-Norm-referenced assessments are usually selected when learners are studying material for which there is no agreement on what a person must know.
-Self-referenced assessments are used when the learning goals are personal.
Self-Directed Learning
Self-directed learners are sophisticated learners who are often capable of postformal thought which is defined as thinking across theoretical systems, integrating feelings with thoughts, accepting contradiction in what is known, and addressing problems for which there are no single final solutions. They see educators as colleagues rather than as authorities and their preference is for self-referenced assessments and/or critiques from two or more peers at both the formative and summative levels.
Monday, January 24, 2011
Monday, January 17, 2011
CFI Blog #2
Selected Methods
Role Play
-I would use role play to help a student become familiar with ATC radio calls for a difficult airspace to navigate through such as Class B. I personally had trouble at first since I learned how to fly in Class E and only flew through Class C once. When I first flew at SLC I had no idea what to do or say for the first couple of lessons so a bit of role playing would have helped me transition into Class B much easier.
4 Categories of Instructional Methods and Context
Instructor-Centered Methods
-The teacher is primarily responsible for conveying information
-Lecturing students to transmit knowledge
-Questioning students or groups of students to transmit knowledge
-Demonstrations that show a student how to solve a problem, conduct a physchomotor skill, or other various tasks
Interactive Methods
-Class discussions help students explore different perspectives, recognize their own values and assumptions, develop their ability to defend ideas, increase their listening skills, learn to respect others' opinions and viewpoints, and gain expertise in weighing evidence and assessing arguments
-Discussion groups allow all students to express their opinions within a small group of classmates
-Group projects allow students to use teamwork to investigate a topic or issue, or create a product wither assigned by the instructor or selected according to their own interest
-Peer teaching allows students to take advantage of differences in students' prior knowledge and experience with the content
Individualized Learning Methods
-Based on the assumptions that individuals learn at different speeds
-Modularized instruction includes a variety of presentation formats orientated to help the student
-Computerized instruction uses audio and visual technology to transmit knowledge to the student
-Independent projects are those in which students work on their own to pursue a topic or interest
Experiential Learning Methods
-Not independent from the other 3 methods
-Field or clinical methods give students specific tasks to perform under the observation of the instructor
-Laboratory methods are where students perform in situations which are realistic, but where the consequences of not knowing what to do or of making a mistake are carefully controlled by the instructor
-Role-playing allows students to experience a variety of situations while remaining in a safe environment
-Simulations and games are fun for students and are great ways to motivate students to learn
-Drills are good for developing pyschomotor skills that need to be consistent such as using rudder when turning
Discussion Group
I would use a discussion group to talk about topics that can go both ways such as ADM type scenarios or an accident. I would show a video or handout a copy of the scenario to groups of students and have them discussion some aspect of the problem
Context Related to Instruction Method
This article is very useful in determining what method of instruction is useful since it provides examples of what each type of method does for students and how effective they are if used properly. Some types such as clinical and laboratory are not really great for aviation type learning but most of them can be applied in some way, shape, or form.
Characteristics of Adult Learners
Demographic Characteristics
Age
-General idea about a persons assumptions, beliefs, or values
-Previous education experience
-Amount of life experience
-Older students have different physical requirements and learning strategies
Gender
-Women's developmental paths differ from men's
-Avoid gender stereotyping
-Males value separateness, autonomy, and independence
-Females value relationships and responsibilities, empathy, and interdependence
Language and Background
-Different first language spoken is a consideration if it is a factor
-Upraising background differences such as rural and urban, single parent or set of parents, and income levels all can influence a students learning
How Adults Learn Differently and My Teaching
Adults have more concrete and immediate goals which will cause them to want to learn the material at a fast pace and may cause them to become impatient. I will have to adjust my teaching accordingly in order to decrease the amount impatience that one might have. I will also have to tailor my teaching habits to their preference since they usually have a firm grasp on how they want to be taught since they know which way works best. This seems to be the most important task to overcome since their learning style sounds to be pretty inflexible in most cases and I might have to really change or develop new lesson plans to accommodate that.
Role Play
-I would use role play to help a student become familiar with ATC radio calls for a difficult airspace to navigate through such as Class B. I personally had trouble at first since I learned how to fly in Class E and only flew through Class C once. When I first flew at SLC I had no idea what to do or say for the first couple of lessons so a bit of role playing would have helped me transition into Class B much easier.
4 Categories of Instructional Methods and Context
Instructor-Centered Methods
-The teacher is primarily responsible for conveying information
-Lecturing students to transmit knowledge
-Questioning students or groups of students to transmit knowledge
-Demonstrations that show a student how to solve a problem, conduct a physchomotor skill, or other various tasks
Interactive Methods
-Class discussions help students explore different perspectives, recognize their own values and assumptions, develop their ability to defend ideas, increase their listening skills, learn to respect others' opinions and viewpoints, and gain expertise in weighing evidence and assessing arguments
-Discussion groups allow all students to express their opinions within a small group of classmates
-Group projects allow students to use teamwork to investigate a topic or issue, or create a product wither assigned by the instructor or selected according to their own interest
-Peer teaching allows students to take advantage of differences in students' prior knowledge and experience with the content
Individualized Learning Methods
-Based on the assumptions that individuals learn at different speeds
-Modularized instruction includes a variety of presentation formats orientated to help the student
-Computerized instruction uses audio and visual technology to transmit knowledge to the student
-Independent projects are those in which students work on their own to pursue a topic or interest
Experiential Learning Methods
-Not independent from the other 3 methods
-Field or clinical methods give students specific tasks to perform under the observation of the instructor
-Laboratory methods are where students perform in situations which are realistic, but where the consequences of not knowing what to do or of making a mistake are carefully controlled by the instructor
-Role-playing allows students to experience a variety of situations while remaining in a safe environment
-Simulations and games are fun for students and are great ways to motivate students to learn
-Drills are good for developing pyschomotor skills that need to be consistent such as using rudder when turning
Discussion Group
I would use a discussion group to talk about topics that can go both ways such as ADM type scenarios or an accident. I would show a video or handout a copy of the scenario to groups of students and have them discussion some aspect of the problem
Context Related to Instruction Method
This article is very useful in determining what method of instruction is useful since it provides examples of what each type of method does for students and how effective they are if used properly. Some types such as clinical and laboratory are not really great for aviation type learning but most of them can be applied in some way, shape, or form.
Characteristics of Adult Learners
Demographic Characteristics
Age
-General idea about a persons assumptions, beliefs, or values
-Previous education experience
-Amount of life experience
-Older students have different physical requirements and learning strategies
Gender
-Women's developmental paths differ from men's
-Avoid gender stereotyping
-Males value separateness, autonomy, and independence
-Females value relationships and responsibilities, empathy, and interdependence
Language and Background
-Different first language spoken is a consideration if it is a factor
-Upraising background differences such as rural and urban, single parent or set of parents, and income levels all can influence a students learning
How Adults Learn Differently and My Teaching
Adults have more concrete and immediate goals which will cause them to want to learn the material at a fast pace and may cause them to become impatient. I will have to adjust my teaching accordingly in order to decrease the amount impatience that one might have. I will also have to tailor my teaching habits to their preference since they usually have a firm grasp on how they want to be taught since they know which way works best. This seems to be the most important task to overcome since their learning style sounds to be pretty inflexible in most cases and I might have to really change or develop new lesson plans to accommodate that.
Monday, January 10, 2011
CFI Blog #1
Constructivist Vs. Positivist Article
What is an Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that seeks to define "knowledge" that seeks to explain what it means "to know" something, that seeks to understand how humans come to "know" things.
Differences between Constructivist and Positivist
Positivist Epistemology
-conceptualize knowledge as a thing
-verifiable information born of scientific investigation
-people find the facts and then teach them
Constructivist Epistemology
-"knowledge" is constructed by human beings when they assign meaning to data
-Constructivist's don't perceive knowledge as an external thing
-Students build knowledge based on experience
My Epistemology
I would have to say that I am a combination of both since I read the facts and go off of them but I also will learn to do things on my own with no or almost no reference. I am a Positivist when it comes to learning how about technical things such as how a engine works and how long the plane I am flying will fly. Its hard to be a Constructivist in these situations since figuring out how long a plane will stay in the air without reading the operating handbook is foolish. I love learning how to do new things and usually take a Constructivist approach since it is fun to learn something without any help and then compare it to how other people accomplish the same tasks.
Ask the Cognitive Scientist
Which modality do I learn best with
I believe that I am a visual learner since I can remember a lot when something is shown to me rather then spoken to me or written down. I have always enjoyed taking physical things apart and seeing how they work rather then just reading or listening to someone speak about them. I think the best way to learn about a subject is to incorporate all three modalities into the lecture or lesson in order to give a very through explanation.
Points that I will use in my teaching
I will try and teach to the students modality as much as possible and not just which modality is the best for the subject. This is important since you want your student to gain as much knowledge as possible and if a student is a visual learner and the best way to learn about something is a book then I would try and incorporate as much visual information as possible for the student to view along with the reading.
Another point that I will use is to incorporate all three modalities into the lessons in order to teach a concept or aircraft system to the best of my ability. For example, if I was going to teach a student about the use of a VOR I would have them read about them in a textbook the night before a lesson then explain to them in the classroom setting about VORs and answer any questions and then go up in a plane or flight trainer and demonstrate the use of a VOR. This lesson would incorporate all three modalities and would cover all the information a student would need to have regarding VORs
What is an Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that seeks to define "knowledge" that seeks to explain what it means "to know" something, that seeks to understand how humans come to "know" things.
Differences between Constructivist and Positivist
Positivist Epistemology
-conceptualize knowledge as a thing
-verifiable information born of scientific investigation
-people find the facts and then teach them
Constructivist Epistemology
-"knowledge" is constructed by human beings when they assign meaning to data
-Constructivist's don't perceive knowledge as an external thing
-Students build knowledge based on experience
My Epistemology
I would have to say that I am a combination of both since I read the facts and go off of them but I also will learn to do things on my own with no or almost no reference. I am a Positivist when it comes to learning how about technical things such as how a engine works and how long the plane I am flying will fly. Its hard to be a Constructivist in these situations since figuring out how long a plane will stay in the air without reading the operating handbook is foolish. I love learning how to do new things and usually take a Constructivist approach since it is fun to learn something without any help and then compare it to how other people accomplish the same tasks.
Ask the Cognitive Scientist
Which modality do I learn best with
I believe that I am a visual learner since I can remember a lot when something is shown to me rather then spoken to me or written down. I have always enjoyed taking physical things apart and seeing how they work rather then just reading or listening to someone speak about them. I think the best way to learn about a subject is to incorporate all three modalities into the lecture or lesson in order to give a very through explanation.
Points that I will use in my teaching
I will try and teach to the students modality as much as possible and not just which modality is the best for the subject. This is important since you want your student to gain as much knowledge as possible and if a student is a visual learner and the best way to learn about something is a book then I would try and incorporate as much visual information as possible for the student to view along with the reading.
Another point that I will use is to incorporate all three modalities into the lessons in order to teach a concept or aircraft system to the best of my ability. For example, if I was going to teach a student about the use of a VOR I would have them read about them in a textbook the night before a lesson then explain to them in the classroom setting about VORs and answer any questions and then go up in a plane or flight trainer and demonstrate the use of a VOR. This lesson would incorporate all three modalities and would cover all the information a student would need to have regarding VORs
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